Built in bookshelf - How to Build Built-In Bookcases from IKEA Billy Bookshelves. To figure out how to best use the space, the picture below shows how we did the math. I measured the space in between the walls, in our case it was almost exactly 12 feet, or 144 inches, then I subtracted out the width of the bookcases which are 31″ each, or a total of 124 inches.

 
7 Styles of Built In Bookshelves 1. Library Style Bookcases arranged to form a passageway and united with flat trim create a mini library, complete with a rolling ladder that beckons young readers to hunt for a good book on the topmost shelves. . Immersive disney animation

Here’s the supply list for the built in bookcase hack: (2) BILLY Bookcases. (4) 15 3/4″ OXBERG doors. Crown Molding. (2) 2x4s. (2) 1x2s. Wood Screws. For this project, we first built the BILLY bookshelves according to the IKEA instructions. The bookshelves come with a curve to accommodate baseboards so the built in …Use wood glue and 1 3/4″ wood screws to assemble the fixed shelves to side 1. Use right angle clamps to make sure your shelves are square to the side. Step 3: Attach second side. Attach side 2 with wood glue and screws as well. Step 4: Install cleats.10. Elegant Built-In Shelves with Picture Lights. Clean lines and sleek picture lights give these built-in shelves a timeless elegance that sets the tone for the whole room. Rustic wood beams and a chunky …Mar 24, 2022 · 17 Built-In Bookcase Ideas to Display Your Collection in Style And solve your storage woes. By Hadley Mendelsohn Published: Mar 24, 2022 Save Article Anna Spiro Design Built-in bookcases... Apr 10, 2018 ... Both of us always start decorating built-in bookcases by clearing them off completely… every single time! As much as it may seem daunting to ...How to Make a Built-In Billy Bookcase. Step One: First, I built a base for my bookcases. A base elevates the shelves from the floor, and gives the entire piece a feeling of substance. The base is built out of a 2×4 frame, with interior studs to support the plywood top of the base. Step Two: Cut a piece of plywood to cover the top of the 2×4 ...The Materials: 3 – 6ft x 1in x 1/2in wood planks (used for shelf supports) 4 – 3ft x 3ft x 1/4in plywood squares (used for shelves) 1 box of #10 1-1/2in wood screws (I would recommend drywall screws if you aren’t screwing into wood paneling like I …How to Paint Bookshelves and Cabinets: Video. DIY Steps to Paint Built In Bookshelves and Cabinets. Step One – Clean and Repair. Step Two – Sand And Dust Off. Step Three – Tape Off, Seal, and Drop Cloth Prep Work. Step Four – Apply A Quality Primer. Step Five – Apply The Paint.Ordering a bespoke bookcase which incorporates a desk is a great way to utilise the space in your home and create the ideal home office. As our furniture is all made-to-measure, we can create a bookcase which fits perfectly into your home office design. If you have a larger room, consider a wall to wall bookcase with an attached partners desk.Are you in the market for a pre-built cabin that can be delivered straight to your desired location? Pre-built cabins offer a convenient and efficient solution for those looking to...Leading artisanal joinery. Telephone: 08 6161 5959. Shelving, wall units, storage consoles, one-off tables and more, tailor-made. Your ideas refined, designed and expertly handcrafted into beautiful furniture and cabinets in our Midland, Perth workshop. No visitors please without a prior appointment.First, a built-in bookcase is an improvement to a home and not just a piece of furniture. Secondly, to have a contractor come and install one of these would be thousands of dollars. This is a detailed and easy-to-follow plan, but the concept of a built-in bookcase is designed for the more experienced woodworker. If this is your first project ...by Latitude Run®. $1,479.99 ( $493.33 per item) $1,649.00. ( 2) FREE White Glove Delivery. Shop Wayfair for all the best Assembled Fully Assembled Bookcases. Enjoy Free Shipping on most stuff, even big stuff.Measure the full width of your shelves and cut a 1x2 to that length. Align the board at the top of the shelf against the ceiling and flush with each edge. Once you've ensured fit, add a bead of wood glue to each side of the joint and nail the board into place using an 18-gauge trim nailer. Repeat on the horizontal edge against the floor.Oct 9, 2019 ... MATERIALS NEEDED TO MAKE A BUILT IN BOOKCASE WALL: · 4 x 5 shelf Maine bookcases · 4 x two shelf Maine bookcases · Valspar paint (Char latte)&n...In today’s fast-paced and highly competitive business world, having a strong professional network can be the key to success. One individual who has mastered the art of networking i...IKEA Billy Built-In Bookcases . This whole project started way back in 2012 when I decided I wanted a wall of built-in bookcases in our living room to add style and storage. Huge built-in bookcases are incredibly expensive, so I decided to save money by using IKEA Billy bookcases and just adding molding to make them look built-in.IKEA Billy Built-In Bookcases . This whole project started way back in 2012 when I decided I wanted a wall of built-in bookcases in our living room to add style and storage. Huge built-in bookcases are incredibly expensive, so I decided to save money by using IKEA Billy bookcases and just adding molding to make them look built-in.How to Build Built-In Bookcases from IKEA Billy Bookshelves. To figure out how to best use the space, the picture below shows how we did the math. I measured the space in between the walls, in our case it was almost exactly 12 feet, or 144 inches, then I subtracted out the width of the bookcases which are 31″ each, or a total of 124 inches.What is a built-in bookshelf? “Built-in” really means “something you can't remove from the house without creating damage.” Sometimes built-ins are actually ...01 of 32 Tongue-and-Groove Ceiling with Bookshelves. A stunning tongue-and-groove ceiling gives this open floor plan a cozy feeling, which is echoed in the white built-in shelving full of multi-colored books on the far wall. A white sofa and matching ottoman rest in front of a fireplace with a white mantel.Built-in bookshelves are a stylish and functional storage solution in any home. They transform empty wall space into a focal point to frame your personal …The words ‘sturdy’ and ‘clean’ come to mind here. This Hanabira Bookcase CC by vroshii is simply pleasing to the eye, coming in four different wood swatches. 7. Queen Anne Library Bookshelves. Check Out This CC. A small, compact bookshelf is just as good as a …Make the Books the Focal Point. When displayed the right way, books have the ability to convey the personality of the owner. “To highlight your collection, paint the bookshelf a contrasting ...But, with YouTube and the internet we decided to build our built-in bookshelves and our hidden bookcase door, kind of on a whim! So, if we can do it, so can you! The bookshelves are also a room divider so we …See more about - 60 Built-In Bookcase Ideas. 1. Innovative 3D Globe Designs. Gentlemen, imagine a world where your books aren’t just stored but showcased in style. Dive into the world of innovative bookshelf designs with the 3D globe bookshelf. This isn’t just a storage space—it’s a statement piece.Built-in bookshelves in a corner layout above French doors. This spacious green living room has a creative bookshelf solution that is planned out in the corner of the room and extends over the doorway leading up to the bedroom. The built-ins are painted in the same color as the window and door frames in this majestic and characterful interior.The two estimates we received were for $10k and $13k. – Another set of wall-to-wall, floor-to-slanted-ceiling shelves – 10’wide, 4.5’H on the right side and 8-1/2’H on the left side – were built and painted on-site for about $2,500. – I designed two walls of shelving for an office: one wall was a breakfront about 11’W x 11’H ...How to Paint Bookshelves and Cabinets: Video. DIY Steps to Paint Built In Bookshelves and Cabinets. Step One – Clean and Repair. Step Two – Sand And Dust Off. Step Three – Tape Off, Seal, and Drop Cloth Prep Work. Step Four – Apply A Quality Primer. Step Five – Apply The Paint.Feb 13, 2024 · Estimated Cost: $500-$1,000 Installing DIY built-in bookshelves is the ultimate way to add character to your home, and they can enhance and complement any style, from Craftsman to Victorian to midcentury modern. Jul 25, 2021 ... Build A Base. Building a base for the bookcase is the first thing we did. The base is built according to the width and depth we wanted our ...This DIY library bookshelf is my new favorite space in the house! **This video was sponsored by Kreg Academy. Check out how to kickstart your woodworking jo...Oct 23, 2014 ... You will need the following supplies to make DIY Built-in Bookshelves + Window Seat: · Step 1) · Step 2) · Step 3) Construct the bookshelf.Step 4: Begin Phase 2, the Bookshelves. I bought sheets of 4‘ x 8‘ Baltic Birch plywood to use for the bookshelves. I chose Baltic Birch to add more rigidity and the price (again, at the time) was only $5/each more expensive than pine ply.A built in bookshelf is a custom creation and are a little more expensive than the norm. These bookshelves are great for small, and unusual spaces. Take a look at some of the great built in bookshelves built into the wall below to help inspire your next creation. Listen to this post… The benefits of a built in bookcases…Built-in bookshelves are a stylish and functional storage solution in any home. They transform empty wall space into a focal point to frame your personal collections in an …Step 4: Attach back. Cut two backs out of your 1/4″ material 30″ x 63″. Secure back onto built-in bookshelf with staples or screws (3/4″ – 1 1/4″ staples or #6 wood screws) Step 5: Attach two bookshelves together. Set two bookshelves together and make sure the fronts are flush with each other.I used a 1×12 going up each side wall, screwing it into the studs of the walls on each side. I cut a bunch of 1×2’s to length and added these as cleats in the corners – using these allows you to nail into the top and sides of each shelf. I just used a little wood glue and brad-nailer to attach these. Once the top and sides of the built-in ...Turn IKEA's Infamous BILLY Bookcase Into A Chic Built-In Office Desk. Srdjanpav/Getty Images. By V Bawa / Aug. 4, 2023 8:00 pm EST. Ikea pieces remain as versatile as ever. Their simple forms and often customizable structures make it easy to use them for purposes that go beyond those they were intended for. The classic BILLY …Jul 25, 2021 ... Build A Base. Building a base for the bookcase is the first thing we did. The base is built according to the width and depth we wanted our ...For built-in bookshelves, design a box to fit the space, and then plan for vertical sections and the shelves to fit into it. You can build it and then slide it into place and mount it. 2. Make a shopping list for your base frame: 1" x 12" lumber, measuring the length of your outer box, your vertical supports, and your shelving.Jul 7, 2021 · How to Build Built-In Bookshelves: Directions Find a plain wall that you want to transform into a wall of books. It could be a statement wall in your living room, a neglected wall in the hallway, or a home office wall. Measure the length, width, and height of the wall under consideration. It helps to make a little sketch. Microsoft today launched a new version of its Bing search engine with built-in support for OpenAI's ChatGPT. “It’s a new day for search,” Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella said today. Fo...Are you looking for a quality shed that will last for years? Amish built sheds are known for their durability and craftsmanship, making them a great choice for anyone looking to ad...In this video, I'll show you how to build a hidden bookcase door. This is a great project for DIYers of all skill levels, and it's a fun way to add a touch o...Oct 22, 2018 ... Get inspired by our favorite ideas for designing and styling built-in bookshelves. For more storage tricks and organization ideas, ...Get the tools you'll need, like a saw/drill/ screws, and sandpaper. Now, cut the wood into pieces for the frame and shelves. Assemble the frame and attach the shelves, ensuring they're straight and secure. Smooth the edges and surfaces with sandpaper. Paint or stain the bookshelf to match your room. Finally, attach the bookshelf to the wall ...Built-in Bookshelves. Submitted by keribeth on Fri, 07/06/2012 - 14:55. These built-in bookshelves were my first project, and were loosely based on the Willy bookshelf plans, although I changed the dimensions, set them on a 2x4 base, and added trim to the sides and molding on top.Basically, the IKEA built-in bookshelf hack is a process by which Martino creates "built-in" floor-to-ceiling bookcases using IKEA furniture.a large built-in bookshelf unit with lots of books, vases, baskets and candles is a cool idea for a home office. a light-colored plywood bookshelf unit with much closed storage spaces is a modern and fresh idea for a home office. a passway with built-in bookshelves will save a lot of your space and keep all your books in order.Are you considering investing in a cabin for your property? Look no further than pre-built modular cabins. These innovative structures have gained popularity in recent years due to...But, with YouTube and the internet we decided to build our built-in bookshelves and our hidden bookcase door, kind of on a whim! So, if we can do it, so can you! The bookshelves are also a room divider so we …Free drawings of furniture for books. CAD Blocks in AutoCAD 2004 (dwg). Free drawings of furniture for books. CAD Blocks in AutoCAD 2004 (dwg).For built-in bookshelves, design a box to fit the space, and then plan for vertical sections and the shelves to fit into it. You can build it and then slide it into place and mount it. 2. Make a shopping list for your base frame: 1" x 12" lumber, measuring the length of your outer box, your vertical supports, and your shelving.In recent years, smartphones have become an essential part of our daily lives. From communication to entertainment, these devices offer a wide range of features that make our lives...17 Built-In Bookcase Ideas to Display Your Collection in Style. Spruce Up Enclosures With Hardware. Set up a cozy reading nook near your book collection and a …The pyramids of Egypt were built as tombs for ancient pharaohs. Because they were considered both human and divine, pharaohs were believed to become mediators between gods and huma...Built-in bookshelves in a corner layout above French doors. This spacious green living room has a creative bookshelf solution that is planned out in the corner of the room and extends over the doorway leading up to the bedroom. The built-ins are painted in the same color as the window and door frames in this majestic and characterful interior.The project was essentially going to be two separate built-in bookshelves (on each side of the window) with a seat connecting the two in the middle. The seat …Best Upgrade Bookshelf: Castlery Esther Bookshelf ($899) Best Ladder Bookshelf: Maydear Dousy Ladder Bookcase ($72) Best Affordable Bookshelf: Ikea Billy Bookcase ($69) Best Modular Bookshelf ...This cabinet wouldn’t need to be painted and the cost is $126. This is an Ikea Base cabinet, assembly required ,that measure 30″ x 30″ x 15″. The price is $93. The advantage of this cabinet is that it can be used as the base for a bookshelf and it will be slightly deeper than the book shelf.Here’s something to consider if you end up using wall sconces for your bookshelf. When mounting them above the shelf, you want to choose a sconce that shines down. If you mount them beside the built-in, you should choose a sconce that illuminates outward. Placement. I’ve already talked a little about the placement of your bookshelf lighting.What Is A Built In Bookcase? Built in bookcases are sets of shelves that are encased on three sides, leaving just the front exposed. They typically extend from the …The project was essentially going to be two separate built-in bookshelves (on each side of the window) with a seat connecting the two in the middle. The seat would be sitting atop some wide kitchen cabinets for extra storage. Above the window was just enough space for a single small shelf to store decorative items or horizontal books.Custom Bookshelves Cost Per Linear Foot. As with most custom pieces, tailored built-in bookshelves cost more than prefabricated options. A fully customized built-in bookshelf will cost anywhere from $300 to $1,200 per linear foot, while premade built-in units start at $150 per linear foot.Either type can provide a custom look, but you’ll pay more for larger …Brunelleschi's dome in Florence is a miracle of science and engineering. HowStuffWorks takes a look at this iconic structure and how it was built. Advertisement To put it mildly, F...In this article, I will share 20 ideas for built-in bookshelf alternatives, with their advantages and disadvantages. From DIY options to pre-made shelving units, there is something for every budget and skill level. So let’s dive in and discover how you can achieve that coveted built-in bookshelf look for less! Floating ShelvesHow to Build Built-In Bookshelves: Directions. Find a plain wall that you want to transform into a wall of books. It could be a statement wall in your living room, a neglected wall in the hallway, or a home office …Have you ever wondered about the history of your house? Who were the hands that crafted its foundation and laid its bricks? If you find yourself asking, “Who built my house?” you’r...20 Bookshelf Decor Ideas to Totally Transform Your Unused Shelves . ... How to Make DIY Built-In Bookshelves: 20 Ideas & Tutorials. 35 Easy Ways to Organize Your Art Supplies. 25 Minimalist Decorating Ideas for a Calm and Clean Space. 31 Bar Cart Ideas to Inspire a Toast at Home .Apr 2, 2018 ... How To Build A Built In Bookcase Around A Window. JAR Made•56K views ... [Woodworking] 2020, Making A Bookshelf With Drawers and Raised Panel ...See more about - 60 Built-In Bookcase Ideas. 1. Innovative 3D Globe Designs. Gentlemen, imagine a world where your books aren’t just stored but showcased in style. Dive into the world of innovative bookshelf designs with the 3D globe bookshelf. This isn’t just a storage space—it’s a statement piece.Make the Books the Focal Point. When displayed the right way, books have the ability to convey the personality of the owner. “To highlight your collection, paint the bookshelf a contrasting ...Paint the frame, plywood, and any shelves. Insert the frame in the opening and attach it to the studs with screws. add shelves using small brackets screwed through the frame and into the studs ...The Parthenon was built to replace a temple that had previously stood on the site but was destroyed by Persian invaders. The primary purpose of the previous temple was to house a l...Step 1: Make a plan. Step 2: Prep the space. Step 3: Build the frame and install it on the wall. Step 4: Install the base cabinets. Step 5: Base trim and upper trim. Step 6: Prep countertop. Step 7: Install countertop. After I finished with the base, it was time to add the built-in bookcase on top! This will give me the look of custom built-in ...Step 1: Make a plan. Step 2: Prep the space. Step 3: Build the frame and install it on the wall. Step 4: Install the base cabinets. Step 5: Base trim and upper trim. Step 6: Prep countertop. Step 7: Install countertop. After I finished with the base, it was time to add the built-in bookcase on top! This will give me the look of custom built-in ...The doors slide open along a steel roller system at the top and the bottom to reveal the secret room. Each bookcase door has a fixed middle shelf and four adjustable shelves. The doors are available in hardwood veneers, MDF or vinyl-lam. Bookcase sizes range from 36in. to 66in.wide and up to 96in. high.When it comes to furniture, nothing beats the beauty and durability of custom wood pieces. Whether you’re in need of a new dining table, bookshelf, or even a custom-built bed frame...The words ‘sturdy’ and ‘clean’ come to mind here. This Hanabira Bookcase CC by vroshii is simply pleasing to the eye, coming in four different wood swatches. 7. Queen Anne Library Bookshelves. Check Out This CC. A small, compact bookshelf is just as good as a …These are the last two pieces you cut in Step 1. You now have the basic frame. Carefully stand the unit up and measure 16 inches in from each side and place a divider at each mark. Lay the bookcase down again on the floor. Measure from the bottom of the bookcase to the top and make a mark every 12 inches. Place a shelf at each of these …Materials. The materials you’ll need will vary based on how long and tall your wall is, but this is what we purchased: 2 – 79.5″ tall Billy Bookcases with Oxberg doors. 2 – 41.75″ tall Billy Bookcases with Oxberg doors. 1 – …Design Your Bespoke Bookcase. Create your own Jali made to measure bookcases to fit any space, including against corners or inside alcoves. Simply adjust the size, style, finish and fitting options in our free 3D Jali Designer and we'll deliver your bespoke bookcase in just a few weeks. The versatile Jali designer lets you create anything from ...What is a built-in bookshelf? “Built-in” really means “something you can't remove from the house without creating damage.” Sometimes built-ins are actually ...How to make a Built-in Bookcase. Turning a bookcase into a built-in is easier than you might think. You can do this with any bookcase you built yourself, or …Here’s something to consider if you end up using wall sconces for your bookshelf. When mounting them above the shelf, you want to choose a sconce that shines down. If you mount them beside the built-in, you should choose a sconce that illuminates outward. Placement. I’ve already talked a little about the placement of your bookshelf lighting.How to make a Built-in Bookcase. Turning a bookcase into a built-in is easier than you might think. You can do this with any bookcase you built yourself, or even turn store bought bookshelves into amazing built-in bookcases. For built-ins that go inside a cubby or nook: Build the bookcase to fit inside the recess without a face frame …Brunelleschi's dome in Florence is a miracle of science and engineering. HowStuffWorks takes a look at this iconic structure and how it was built. Advertisement To put it mildly, F...Get the tools you'll need, like a saw/drill/ screws, and sandpaper. Now, cut the wood into pieces for the frame and shelves. Assemble the frame and attach the shelves, ensuring they're straight and secure. Smooth the edges and surfaces with sandpaper. Paint or stain the bookshelf to match your room. Finally, attach the bookshelf to the wall ...Watch this video to find out about the Schlage door lock with built-in alarm that’s easy to set and install. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Late...Paint the frame, plywood, and any shelves. Insert the frame in the opening and attach it to the studs with screws. add shelves using small brackets screwed through the frame and into the studs ...Feb 6, 2020 ... Built-in bookcases will typically cost more than store-bought, but I consider them to be worth it. They add great architectural detail, and a ...

64” wide. Board and batten above fireplace: Batten pieces: 3.5”. Visible board pieces: 16 and 2/3’” (keep in mind this is actual one full piece with the batten pieces on top of it) Shelves: Open shelves: 13″ deep. Shelf trim overhang: 1.5″. Bottom open shelf/ top of cabinet: 16″ deep.. Specs liquor near me

built in bookshelf

UC Browser is a popular web browser known for its fast browsing speeds and user-friendly interface. However, what many users may not know is that the browser also comes equipped wi...Homeowners can choose from premade bookshelves or custom built-in shelves. A DIY built-in bookshelf can cost as little as $400, and a custom floor-to-ceiling built-in bookshelf wall unit can cost ...Jul 16, 2019 ... PROJECTS How to Turn Bookcases Into Built-Ins · 1. Start by removing the existing moldings · 2. Build a frame to extend the bookcase to the ...A Built-In Bookcase with Various Sections. A built-in bookcase can also look amazing and can help to frame a room in a practical and beautiful way. You can build the bookcase as a series of sections that fit together sort of like a modular system. You can have fixed sections for the top and the bottom and removable shelves in between.Paint the frame, plywood, and any shelves. Insert the frame in the opening and attach it to the studs with screws. add shelves using small brackets screwed through the frame and into the studs ...What is a Built-in Bookcase? Materials Needed Tools Needed How to Create Built-In Bookcases – Step-by-Step Guide Part One – Building the Cabinet or Case Part Two – How to Build and Install Your …A Built-In Bookcase with Various Sections. A built-in bookcase can also look amazing and can help to frame a room in a practical and beautiful way. You can build the bookcase as a series of sections that fit together sort of like a modular system. You can have fixed sections for the top and the bottom and removable shelves in between.How to Paint Bookshelves and Cabinets: Video. DIY Steps to Paint Built In Bookshelves and Cabinets. Step One – Clean and Repair. Step Two – Sand And Dust Off. Step Three – Tape Off, Seal, and Drop Cloth Prep Work. Step Four – Apply A Quality Primer. Step Five – Apply The Paint.Storage shelves & units. Bookcases. Wall shelves. IKEA is well-known for a lot of things, but our stylish shelving furniture is near the top of the list with good reason. With hundreds of attractive and affordable shelves for storage to choose from, we have the right size, material and design to suit every space in your home, indoors and out.01 of 32 Tongue-and-Groove Ceiling with Bookshelves. A stunning tongue-and-groove ceiling gives this open floor plan a cozy feeling, which is echoed in the white built-in shelving full of multi-colored books on the far wall. A white sofa and matching ottoman rest in front of a fireplace with a white mantel.25 Custom Built-In Ideas Using Stock Cabinets. With all that in mind, we’ve rounded up 25 ideas for using stock cabinets to create your own custom built-ins. Many thanks to these amazing creators from around the blogosphere for these crazy amazing and clever ideas! Gorgeous Bedroom Built-Ins by Jaime Costiglio.When it comes to furniture, nothing beats the beauty and durability of custom wood pieces. Whether you’re in need of a new dining table, bookshelf, or even a custom-built bed frame...20 Bookshelf Decor Ideas to Totally Transform Your Unused Shelves . ... How to Make DIY Built-In Bookshelves: 20 Ideas & Tutorials. 35 Easy Ways to Organize Your Art Supplies. 25 Minimalist Decorating Ideas for a Calm and Clean Space. 31 Bar Cart Ideas to Inspire a Toast at Home .Are you in the market for a cabin but don’t want to go through the hassle of building one from scratch? Look no further than pre-built cabins for delivery. These ready-made structu...And with a built-in bookshelf, you can put them all on display while making the most of your wall space. Built-in bookshelves cost from $1,401 to $4,754 to install on average, with most homeowners spending about $2,972. The final cost depends on their style, the type of material, and whether you install them yourself or hire a professional.Mar 24, 2022 · 17 Built-In Bookcase Ideas to Display Your Collection in Style And solve your storage woes. By Hadley Mendelsohn Published: Mar 24, 2022 Save Article Anna Spiro Design Built-in bookcases... Step 4: Fit and Cut panels of MDF with a groove to hide the wiring and mount. This is the toughest part – Measure and drill a large hole where the Library Light post will end. Then use a saw to cut out the groove. Test fit carefully as the slot now becomes a weak point in the panel.In today’s digital world, downloading files has become an essential part of our everyday lives. Whether it’s downloading software, music, movies, or documents, having a reliable do....

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